高中英語教材中的虛擬語氣
高中英語教材中的虛擬語氣一直是學生難以把握的語法項目。而英語國家的人有偏愛用虛擬語氣。人們常說：英語中要是沒有虛擬語氣，會更容易學習（If there was no subjunctive mood in English，it would be easier to learn English！） 對于虛擬預期的學習，應(yīng)該有條理地去識記使用虛擬語氣的情境。而語言學習又離不開語境。下面針對常見的語境作簡單的總結(jié)。1. 表示本打算做什么，結(jié)果未能實現(xiàn)，體現(xiàn)遺憾惋惜的心情。常用短語：mean to，intend to，plan to。
例如：I had meant to go on Sunday but have stayed on.
I intended to have helped him, but I was very busy at that time.
2.表示一種相反的條件下會出現(xiàn)什么樣的結(jié)果。常用or，otherwise引起虛擬語氣。
例如：I ran all the way, or I should have been late for school.
I lost your telephone number, otherwise I would have rung you up long before.
3. 為了簡化語言，句中暗含一種條件，理解為“要是有，要是沒有，要不是”等。常用介語with，without，but for，if only引起虛擬語氣。
例如：Without animals and plants, human being would not exist.
Without air(If there were no air ) there would be no living.
But for the storm, we should have had a much happier time.
要不是暴風雨，我們本可以玩得更快樂。
If only he had more courage.
4.表示說話者的一種假設(shè)，理解為“好象，比如”。常用連詞if，as if，as though等引起虛擬語氣。
If I were you, I would go to night school.
They talked as if they had been friends for many years.
5.表示說話者一種委婉的建議和提議。常用It’s time接賓語從句， I’d rather后跟從句。
例如：It’s time you went to school.
It’s high time we did our homework.
I’d rather you went there tomorrow.
6.表示說話者對一種情況的客觀、委婉的判斷。常用It is important /strange/natural/necessary that…句型來表達。
例如：It’s important that every member (should) inform himself of these rulers.
It’s necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.
It’s very strange that she (should) have left without saying goodbye.
7.表示說話者對過去、現(xiàn)在、將來的一種愿望、希望，常用wish后跟賓語從句。
例如：I wish I knew the answer to the question.
How I wish I were a bird! I wish you would come soon.
8 .在表堅持、命令、建議、要求的動詞(或其ed形式)和名詞后跟的名詞性從句中，體現(xiàn)說話者的一種委婉的提議、建議等。常見動詞：insist，suggest，order，propose，command，demand，reguest，desire，require，urge (后跟賓語從句)。
常見名詞：insistence，suggestion，proposition，requirement (其中order，demand，request，desire，command既是動詞，又是名詞)后跟的名詞性從句中要用should +v，should也可以省掉。
例如：I suggest that we (should) set off at one.
The students insisted that they (should) have more.
It is suggested that we( should) improve our oral English.
9.在狀語從句中，說話者表達一種“即使、即便怎樣”的語氣。
常見用詞：Even if (though) as if (though)
例如：Even if Lin Tao were here, I should say the same thing.
Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.
10.在if引導的非真實條件句中，主從句強調(diào)一種時間搭配。
例如：
If I had time, I would attend the meeting.(對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬)
If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.
(對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬)
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.
If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.(以上對將來進行虛擬)
還要注意錯綜時間的虛擬語氣。
例如：If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在的情況，主句指過去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now.(從句指過去的情況，主句指現(xiàn)在)
另外，這類從句中如含有should，had，were時，則可將從屬連詞if省去，將should，had，were放在句首。
例如：Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
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