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大學(xué)英語四級常用語法
被動式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
不帶to 的不定式:
在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.
John made her tell him everything.
這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.
She was made to tell him everything.
在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.
I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
They cannot but accept his term.
在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.
John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.
I've heard tell of him.
在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
用作補(bǔ)語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
All you do now is complete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
watch 看電視用，看比賽用; see 看電影用;
感官動詞watch， see， hear; 感官動詞 + 名詞(代詞)+ do
be erected 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作的結(jié)果; being erected 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作的過程。
2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放棄; give in 屈服，讓步; give off 釋放，放出(煙和氣體);
give away 泄露，走漏風(fēng)聲;婚禮中新郎的父親把新娘的手交給新郎的過程;贈送禮品。
3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb. + 分詞; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb. (注意要看整個(gè)句子); fight with + 工具 用該工具來打仗。 fight for 為…而戰(zhàn)。
I fight with him. 我和他打起來了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩對付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
in spite of 盡管; carry on 堅(jiān)持，繼續(xù)。
6. I should like to rent a house， modern， comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 總而言之;above all 首先，尤其是;after all 畢竟，終究;overall 全面的，總體的
in a word 總之，in short 簡而言之，in conclusion 最后，總之，to sum up總之，總而言之。
7. _B_ we have finished the course， we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于(相當(dāng)于since); ever since 自從…以來。
與that搭配且后面可以加句子的幾個(gè)表達(dá)形式：
now that 既然，由于; in that 因?yàn)? except that 除…之外。
except后面加名詞或代詞;except that后面加句子。
8. What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.
A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 連接，附屬; This school is attached to Beida. 這所學(xué)校附屬于北大。
responsible to 對…負(fù)有責(zé)任; resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的; water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 與。。相反(相違背)。
9. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做過某事; regret to do sth. 遺憾的做某事(應(yīng)用語境非常有限)。
10. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失業(yè); out of reach 夠不著 within reach 夠得著; out of practice 缺乏練習(xí)。
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