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考研英語的主觀題40分攻略
第二部分 寫作第五章短文寫作（大作文）
第二節(jié) 常考文體（下）
二、說明文
說明文是對(duì)某事物的特征、功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、本質(zhì)、用途、原理、來源等進(jìn)行客觀和具體的闡述。目的在于提供知識(shí)、表明觀點(diǎn)。在最近幾年的考研中，英語短文寫作的模式正在發(fā)生著一些顯著變化。其中之一就是“圖表作文”的頻繁出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于“圖表作文”的寫作形式而言，議論文體居多，但在寫作的過程中總是需要對(duì)“圖表”進(jìn)行分析、說明以揭示某種現(xiàn)象或得出某種結(jié)果。所以我們要對(duì)說明文，尤其是對(duì)“圖表性”的說明文給予足夠的重視。
（一）說明文的說明對(duì)象
說明文的說明對(duì)象可以是具體的客觀事件、人物、自然環(huán)境，也可以是某些抽象的東西，比如原理、概念、定律、思想等。
（二）說明文的應(yīng)用范圍
說明文可以是報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)、教材、歷史資料、廣告、說明書、宣傳等。
（三）說明文常用的寫作方法
常用的說明文寫作方法有：
1倍ㄒ宸ā
2本倮法。
3.分類法。
4.比較對(duì)比法。
5.比喻、比擬法。
6.時(shí)間順序法。
7.空間順序法。
8.圖表說明法。
9.數(shù)字說明法。
10.描述說明法。
（四）說明文的寫作要求
說明文要求重點(diǎn)說明一個(gè)問題或事物或事物的一個(gè)方面，要求觀點(diǎn)明確、舉例充分、詳略得當(dāng)、條理清楚、層次分明。
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（五）實(shí)例分析
【例1】
Title：How to Build up Your Vocabulary
Directions：
1盩he easiest way to increase the vocabulary.
2盩he way of saving time.
3.The use of vocabulary.
How to Build up Your Vocabulary
A vocabulary of a new language is acquired in several ways：by guessing from the context，by use of the dictionary in connection with our reading，and by special vocabulary drill apart from reading.Shall we build up our vocabulary slowly and laboriously so that years later we can read fluently；or shall we learn our vocabulary at the same time that we are reading? Perhaps the easiest and most interesting way to increase the vocabulary is to get a story written in an easy style(the teacher or librarian can recommend one)and read it as a story.To read a selection as a story means to read whole sentences and paragraphs rather than to translate word for word.Even though we lose the meaning here and there，we finally grow familiar with certain words without looking them up at all監(jiān)f course，this is just what we do in reading stories in our own language.Such reading gives us a better feeling for idiomatic usage and for syntax than would be gained from word瞗or瞱ord translation.(該段主要介紹了幾種擴(kuò)大詞匯量的方法，但著重介紹了其中的一種，即“閱讀簡(jiǎn)易小說”。這種說明方法稱為“比較法”。)
This“feeling”for vocabulary and usage must，of course，be verified and strengthened by definite study of rules and idioms.Rules of grammar are time瞫avers.A rule is a statement of the way things are ，or the way things act.(定義法)We might learn all the ways of the words in a given language by reading many books that have been written in it，and noticing the usual way of behavior of words.But we do not need to do this because it is what has been done by the men who tell us what the rules are.By using their work，we can save time and energy and make more rapid progress.(該段主要給我們講述了在單詞記憶過程中如何節(jié)約時(shí)間的問題，并且向我們推薦了一種比較好的節(jié)省時(shí)間的方法。說明方法有“對(duì)比法”和“下定義法”。)
Idiomatic expressions of whatever length should be learned as a whole，as though each expression were a word in a vocabulary.They should be learned by use both in reading and in conversation，and by drill.(該段主要介紹如何才能加深對(duì)詞匯的記憶，并指出了幾種記憶詞匯的方法。)(324 words)
分析：該篇短文運(yùn)用“比較法”、“對(duì)比法”以及“下定義法”向我們介紹了記憶詞匯和鞏固記憶的諸多方法。條理分明，語言淺顯易懂，邏輯順序合理。
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