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    rg2021-08-04 11:29:48 иԇ ҪͶ

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    This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.

    Many people remember the colors of the rainbow by the acronym ROY G. BIV.

    For red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Well, the color indigo

    just made news.

    Indigo gets its name from the plant Indigofera tinctoria and its relatives,

    which supply the dye that makes fabric the rich, beautiful color between blue

    and violet.

    Indigo dye was used around the ancient world in fabrics created from Egypt

    to China to Meso and South America. And it's in South America that researchers

    recently found the oldest known example of fabrics dyed with indigo.

    The artifacts were discovered at Huaca Prieta, a ceremonial mound on the

    coast in northern Peru. But their color was initially hidden by the grey tones

    that had leached into them from the materials used in the mound itself. But when

    a conservator carefully washed the fabric, the true colors reappeared.

    "And it was at that point that I realized we probably had indigo and it was

    probably the world's oldest indigo."

    Jeffrey Splitstoser, an anthropologist at George Washington University.

    "Which was really exciting. I hadn't thought I'd be discovering, or we

    would be discovering, the world's oldest indigo, when I took on this

    project."

    The research is in the journal Science Advances.

    The dyed fabric is about 6,000 years old.

    "In the Middle East there are inscriptions that discuss blue fabrics that

    date to about 3100 B.C. These are just texts though. And so we think they're

    referring probably to the earliest Old World indigo-blue dyed textiles. So that

    would date to about 5,000 years ago, 3100 B.C. And so these are at least 1,000

    years older than that. And the earliest known indigo blue textiles were from

    Egypt and they date to around 4400 B.P., before present. So these are almost

    2,000 years older than those."

    Splitstoser says that the discovery means it's likely that the techniques

    to dye fabric blue were developed in the Americas before they were developed in

    Egypt.

    "It really means that we have to look at the ancient Andes as one of the

    earliest sources of textile innovations in the world."

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    Only about 23 percent of the world's land area is still what you'd call

    wildernesswhere indigenous people, wildlife, plants and microbes get a chance

    to live with little or no disturbance from large human populations. But even

    that current figure of 23 percent is down by a tenth in just the last couple of

    decades. Which translates into an area the size of Alaska being converted away

    from wilderness since the 1990s. That's according to a study in the journal

    Current Biology that was also announced at the just completed Honolulu meeting

    of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

    The research found that the regions that suffered the biggest wilderness

    losses were South America and Central Africa. South America lost almost a third

    of its wilderness while Africa's is down about 14 percent.

    James Watson is the lead author of the study. He's with the Wildlife

    Conservation Society and the University of Queenslandhe's no relation to the

    more famous DNA double helix James Watson.

    In the journal article he and his colleagues write: "The continued loss of

    wilderness areas is a globally significant problem with largely irreversible

    outcomes for both humans and nature: if these trends continue, there could be no

    globally significant wilderness areas left in less than a century. Proactively

    protecting the world's last wilderness areas is a cost-effective conservation

    investment and our best prospect for ensuring that intact ecosystems and

    large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes persist for the benefit of

    future generations." And future generations includes both the organisms in the

    remaining wildernessand us.

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