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托福閱讀中句子結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)典剖析
在托福閱讀中，有很多小伙伴對(duì)它的句子結(jié)構(gòu)很迷茫，剪不斷，理還亂。那么，下面小編來幫助大家對(duì)它們進(jìn)行一一剖析。
一、英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的原則
1、謂動(dòng)單一性原則 在一個(gè)句子里，有且只有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。
2、主句單一性原則 在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一個(gè)主句。(從句可以有若干個(gè))
二、三大從句
1、名詞性從句 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句
引導(dǎo)詞 (what/how/that/why/whether)
結(jié)構(gòu) 主語從句
what+VO=n. for eg.???????
what+SV=n. What you said is right.
形式賓語 Make it possible for sb.to do ?
that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.
That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birdsare dinosaurs.(形式主語居多)
**形式主語和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別
形式主語 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.
n.=it
強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It is/was + A + that + B
SVO=A+B
而且通常情況下 It is/was……是強(qiáng)調(diào)句
同位語從句
同位語的實(shí)質(zhì) n1,n2—n1=n2
S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO
前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.
可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……
**同位語和定語從句的區(qū)別
同位語的句子中，前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.
定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充當(dāng)賓語。
Example
It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed,that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south andLaurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separatedand drifted in various directions.
人們普遍接受，Pangaea 以一個(gè)特別大的陸地形式存在，后來他被分為兩個(gè)大塊，在南邊的Gondwanaland 和在北邊的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地殼上的大陸分開了并且向不同方向上漂移。
**如何找出復(fù)雜句中的謂語?
先找引導(dǎo)詞，然后去掉隨后的動(dòng)詞，還有動(dòng)詞的話，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是謂語。
2、形容詞性從句=定語從句
引導(dǎo)詞 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代詞性)
(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)
結(jié)構(gòu) (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.
This is pig that/which is very fat.
(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.
因?yàn)榇~性的引導(dǎo)詞可以充當(dāng)主語或賓語
This is the pig that/which I ate.(作賓語可省略引)
This is the pig from which I make fun.
引導(dǎo)詞前的介詞取決于后面的動(dòng)詞
this is the pig,which is very fast
this is the pig, (which)I ate.
This is the pig, from which I make fun.
(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)+SVO=a.
The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.
This is the place where(=in which 定語從句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是狀從,也有可能是定從。
**具體分析舉例
In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……
看上去該句的based 是一個(gè)n-ed的形式，但是她又是修飾誰呢?In his hypothesis() he developedthat based on it….
因此可以看出，based 修飾that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.
**形容詞性從句的省略
當(dāng)that/which在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，可將其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.
This is the pig I ate.
當(dāng)that/which在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，且從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可將其同時(shí)省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.
The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.
**個(gè)別情況下，which/as在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，也指代前面整個(gè)一句話。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句話) was associated withthe spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句話) resulted incollision, subduction, and mountain building.
**系表倒裝
主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 變成 表系主 結(jié)構(gòu)成為系表倒裝只限于介詞詞組在句首時(shí)
1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.
In Jilin province lies my hometown.
2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.
Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….
3、副詞性從句 =狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞 when/though/while/although……
結(jié)構(gòu) when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.
When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略的條件 s’=S v’=be
省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略 Other(聯(lián)系同一類的名詞，也就是說前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemicaldefenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essentialstep in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cellwalls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.
希望大家看完后腦海里對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)有一個(gè)大概的輪廓。并且能夠靈活運(yùn)用于考試中
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