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新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法精粹
分詞
1．分詞的性質(zhì)：
具有形容詞性質(zhì)，可以在句中擔(dān)任表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，且動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行：過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，或動(dòng)作已完成。
2．分詞的形式：
例： write (vt) rise (vi)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 過(guò)去分詞
時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在時(shí) writing being written rising risen /
完成時(shí) having written having been written having risen /
3．分詞的用法：
（1）定語(yǔ) 分詞置于被修飾名詞前
分詞短語(yǔ)于置于被修飾名詞后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打敗的意思）
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
（2）表語(yǔ)：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
He feels excited.
（3）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I'd like to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。
（4）狀語(yǔ)：（以下例句值得一背！）
① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.
→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station.
② As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
③ While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
④ When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.
→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道嗎？注意：在運(yùn)用此類句型時(shí)主語(yǔ)前后要保持一致。
① Whenschool was over, the boys went home.
→ Being over, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
② As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
③ Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
④ I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill.
→ Judging from his face, he must be ill.（這里應(yīng)該是 we judging ...，但若主語(yǔ)是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主語(yǔ)可省略）
實(shí)際上，這里涉及到獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題，以后在作分解！
4．分詞的時(shí)態(tài)：
現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)表示此動(dòng)作與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)表示此動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。
Entering the room, hesaw he. （幾乎同時(shí)）
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. （分詞動(dòng)作在前）
5．語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)被動(dòng)表動(dòng)作正在被進(jìn)行，完成時(shí)被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（漁民先被告知而后駛向港口）
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