英語名詞的語法
一、 名詞主要考點(diǎn)：
1．特殊名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)
2．與名詞相關(guān)的主謂一致關(guān)系
二、 關(guān)于特殊名詞的具體考點(diǎn)如下：
1．容易誤用為復(fù)數(shù)的不可數(shù)名詞：(這些名詞一般不能用作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù))
advice 建議，忠告 living 生活，生計(jì)
equipment 裝備，設(shè)備 progress 前進(jìn)，發(fā)展
furniture 家具，設(shè)備 scenery 風(fēng)景，景色
information 通知；信息 machinery 機(jī)器，機(jī)械
knowledge 知識，學(xué)問 traffic 交通流量
baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 煩惱，麻煩
cash 現(xiàn)金 thunder 雷聲，轟隆聲
apparatus 儀器 weather 天氣，處境
clothing 衣服 work 工作，勞動
paper 紙，鈔票 luck 運(yùn)氣，幸運(yùn)
technology 工藝，技術(shù) jewelry 珠寶
2． 復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞用于單數(shù)概念，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。(這些名詞一般為表示學(xué)科或疾病的名詞)
economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) measles 麻疹
physics 物理學(xué) mumps 腮腺炎
mathematics 數(shù)學(xué) rickets 軟骨病，佝僂病
dynamics 動力學(xué) news 新聞
the united states 美國 the new york times 紐約時報(bào)
三、主謂一致關(guān)系
英語中，主語和謂語在數(shù)、性和格上應(yīng)該保持一致，但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中很容易被忽視，尤其是主語和謂語之間出現(xiàn)插入語，故考試中經(jīng)常考到主謂一致。除了以上特殊名詞謂語有特殊要求外，現(xiàn)將主謂一致的考點(diǎn)歸納如下：
1． 復(fù)數(shù)原則：兩個或者兩個以上的名詞由and連接作主語時；主語由both … and … 連接時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那個雜貨店既賣面包，也賣黃油。
2． 就近原則： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引導(dǎo)的主語， 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近動詞的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
3． 就遠(yuǎn)原則：主語，＋ as well as +另一個主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于第一個主語的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
my mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母親，還有我的兩個哥哥都有一把辦公室的鑰匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
4． 表示時間、距離、價(jià)值、量度的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
one hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
twenty days have passed since i met her last time.
自從我上次見到她到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)過去二十天。 ( twenty days 這里不作整體看待， 故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。)
5． and連接兩個名詞表示一個概念做主語時，謂語用單數(shù); 若表示的是多個不同的概念時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
war and peace is a constant theme in literature.
戰(zhàn)爭與和平是文學(xué)中永恒的主題。(war and peace是一對概念，看作一個主題)
同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
law and order bread and butter
apple pie and ice cream folk and knife
wheel and axle 輪軸 needle and thread
love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒飯
the writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一個人)
the writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指兩個人)
a black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指兩只狗)
a black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)
6．動詞不定式、動名詞、名詞性從句做主語時+單數(shù)謂語
early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
to work hard is necessary
what i said and did is of no concern to you.
reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性質(zhì)的兩件事，謂語用復(fù)數(shù) )
7． many a, more than one + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，盡管表示復(fù)數(shù)意義， 謂語仍用單數(shù)。
many a student has made such a mistake.
more than one stranger agrees with me.
[注意]
在“more + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + than one”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
more persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的遠(yuǎn)不止一人。
8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
no difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名詞構(gòu)成的主語，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于該名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
all of us are going to see the game.
all of his time was spent on gambling
three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。
10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
a total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
the total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of
11. 定語從句的謂語動詞注意與先行詞保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
one of those men likes to drive fast.
one of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
he is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
12. 由some，any, no，every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；由either, neither, each, every修飾名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：
more than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
neither is satisfactory.
is either of the singers reading now?
13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一類人時， 用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞; 表示抽象概念時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
the sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了醫(yī)治，失蹤的也找回來了。
同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
we can do the difficult first. the impossible takes a little longer.
我們先從難題開始，不會的可能花的時間長一些。
the best is yet to come. 好戲還在后頭。
14. a pair of + 由兩部分物體構(gòu)成的名詞(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
my new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一條短褲正在修改。
15. 當(dāng)主語被one ( a ) and a half 修飾時，謂語動詞用數(shù)。
one and a half apples is left on the plate.
16. 當(dāng)主語由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))構(gòu)成時， 謂語用單數(shù)。
a series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by mr. li.
a large portion of her poems was published after her death.
(張能彥 著名的英語輔導(dǎo)專家，復(fù)旦版2005年《mba聯(lián)考300分奇跡英語分冊》主編)
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